We are very grateful to
Sheena and Mike Cook, Lochgelly, for permission to publish
the following account of mining life in early Lochgelly. The
text is from an account by an old Fife miner, believed to be
Archibald Cook, possibly written around 1896.
In his fascinating tale, Archibald Cook recalls some of conditions encountered by the first mining families in the Lochgelly area around the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. We are always very appreciative when relatives of former miners kindly send some of their family memories to be shared. |
"Lochgelly has been long known as a mining
village. I am myself among the oldest miners in it and belong to
the oldest race of miners born on the Earl of Minto's estate.
Whole three generations of us were all born, lived, and died in a
little old row of houses called Launcherhead. It was around this
place that all the mining operations were carried on but mining in
the old days was on a very small scale.
At the time of which I am writing - in the days of my grandfather -
there were only ten miners in Lochgelly. But a miner and his wife
both wrought together. The man digged ("howked") the
coals and his wife carried them to the bank in a coal creel,
through the workings and up a long stair. When the man was sick or
died, the woman had to become both miner and bearer.
Such was the case with my grandmother. She was left a widow with
five young children, three girls and two boys. My father was only
six months old and my uncle Baldie was two years. So there was
nothing for her but to go and dig her own coals. She put her two
boys in her coal creel, carried them down the stair and laid them
at the stoop side, until she digged her coals, and carried them to
the bank.
When she rested she gave my father a drink and my uncle a few
spoonfuls of stoved potatoes, for they all prepared the following
day’s provision at night before going to bed.
My grandmother wrought on till her family was able to work with
her. Sir Gilbert Elliot was the holder of the estate at that time
and he openly declared that Hannah Hodge had more coals to the bank
every year than any miner on his works.
She was a general miner and drove stone, as well as coal, mines.
She drove a great part of the Day level leading from the river Ore
to the extreme west of the Earl of Minto’s estate, so that
the water travelled out to the Ore itself.
She wrought where a light of no description would burn. The only
light she got was the reflection from fish heads. And her family
carried the redd out on their backs. My father carried redd before
he was nine years of age.
Wages varied from one and sixpence to two shillings per day. That
was about the year 1776.
Their work & their mode of living was their constant fireside
talk. This made me well acquainted with their ways. Sir Gilbert
Elliot was very friendly with all his workers. He invited them all
up to Lochgelly House and gave them a grand ball every year. They
were all very happy and friendly with one another.
About that time there was a man and his Son, of the name of
Chisholm, an Englishman, who took a lease of Lochgelly work and
carried it on as long as he lived. He got married to my Aunt Betsy
Cook, the oldest daughter of this female miner. They had two Sons.
For all his long experience he did not improve the system of
working anything. But after his Sons got up to manhood, they did
make improvements and increase the output. Their first machinery
was a windlass which did away with the carrying of the coals up the
long stairs. They also got wooden rails laid on the pit roads and
the women drew the coals along instead of carrying them on their
backs. This was a great step in advance for them.
As time rolled on Chisholm's Son got married to my Aunt Helen
Cook. This was father & Son married on two Sisters, a marriage
that does not often take place. The next step in advance taken by
Chisholm's Sons, William & Stewart, was to set up a gin.
This brought their daily output up to twenty five tons, the highest
point they ever reached.
William never was married but Stewart had two Sons, William and
Henry. Henry was a joiner. They both went to America & are now
independent.
My Aunt Helen had a Son called Henry, who wrought along with
William and Stewart.
After Mr John Henderson got a lease of Lochgelly work he engaged
him and he was over forty years underground manager in Lochgelly.
Mr Henderson fitted up machinery and raised the output to between
thirty and forty tons per day. He put down a pit, that was known as
the Little Crafty Pit. The Company’s School is built right on
the top of it. He then put down a pit on the side of the Kirkcaldy
road. This is the Lochend Pit which has given a lot of trouble for
some time back.
They studied then to sink pits on the side of the public road,
because their sale for coal was all land sale. I have seen as high
as twenty carts round the pithead at four o'clock in the
morning, they came from south and far to the north of it waiting on
the pit starting.
The coal grieve's name was Henry Mitchell. I have heard them
talk of a man from Perth who came for coals. They had risen in
price from the time he had been there before & he was anything
but pleased at the change. Henry said "You must mind coals is
coals now." "Man" he says "I am glad at that
for the last I got was stones." It is nothing uncommon now to
get stones.
I never wrought in Lochend Pit but I had a sister that wrought
there, and I carried her breakfast from Launcherhead before I went
to school. I believe John Hunter in Main St, is the only man living
that wrought in it and he was only a boy at that time.
Mr Henderson next sank what was known as the Little Dean, and the
West Pit now known as the Newton Pit. The output of coal between
the two pits was from forty to forty five tons.
In the year 1840 there were forty miners employed on Lochgelly
work. It was about that time Lochgelly Company leased the minerals.
They improved the system of working and made great alterations in
the machinery and workings in every respect. They introduced the
Longwall System instead of Stoop and Room and this did away with a
great part of the manual labour. They also fitted up haulages that
could bring thirty or forty hutches at a time.
In 1847 the annual output of coal was fourteen thousand tons and
now it is over four hundred thousand tons. This is great progress
in the mining industry in the Lochgelly since the day the output
was ten tons. What a difference between meeting a miner's wife
with about a hundredweight on her back and meeting a haulage race
with thirty or forty hutches each hutch carrying seven or eight
hundredweight!
There is comfort in the life of miners since that time although
there is room enough for improvement. Still more is this true of a
miner's wife. They are ladies now compared with what they were
at that time. They were the pumping and winding machines and
haulages too! And more content then than they are now! They
suffered starvation and knew no better. Thank God these days of
misery are past. For, although life at the best is only a struggle,
yet we share in some of its comforts now.
In 1847 the blast furnaces were erected and the ironstone pits were
opened up. This brought a great number of men about the place both
miners and labourers. But the native ironstone was poor and had to
be supplemented from other places. The work could not be carried on
with profit and the Company agreed to blow out the furnaces. And so
it has been a Sale work ever since.
I may now give a short record of what a miner's life is worth.
Judging from myself who have served the Lochgelly Company for 61
years without a single charge being brought against me, a miner is
little valued after he has given his whole life's service.
There is surely some reason here that there should be a provision
made for old age either by the State or by the Employer, in the way
of old age pensions or otherwise. Is it not sad to see many old men
working away till they have reached the allotted time, namely three
score years and ten, and upwards for there is no doubt that both
the state and the employer have reaped the benefit of their labour.
In order to show what a miner can produce in the course of his life
time supposing him to work fifty three years and to be a steady
man, working in moderation, I shall give my own experience. And
this will satisfy every reasonable miner or workman in the county
of Fife.
I began as a miner in 1843, and wrought steadily up to 1869. Then I
met with an accident of rather a serious nature and was told by the
highest Medical Authorities in Edinburgh Infirmary that I would
never work anymore. I had a hope I would and we have to thank God
for such a Companion. It often seemed like hoping against hope.
However I got through, and I began again in 1873. I said "If
ever I dig another ton of coal or work another day I will chalk it
down." My average output from 1873 to 1896 was 660 tons of
coal besides 108 tons of small coal per year. I had always to pay a
boy for filling & drawing them. I only claim the credit of
removing them from their natural bed. I am quite safe to state that
average all through as I was abler the first part of my lifetime.
My average working time was four and a half days weekly. My output
of coals for fifty three years 32,980 tons with 5,724 tons small
coal making a total of 40,704 tons. The ton here is of course
22½ hundredweights and that is a ninth more on every ton.
The three generations of us must have removed a great amount of
coal on the Earl of Minto's estate. It might be worthy of his
notice, reason might say. And I have now to fall back on my fellow
workmen that in a great measure follow the same occupation. We
tried to better our condition a number of years ago and I was one
of the old pioneers who laid the foundation of the working
men's success in Lochgelly. I mean the Co-operative Society
where I have been treated with sympathy and feeling. I only wish
that the business may always prosper in the same steady way, thanks
to the Managing Committee and the Management.
I may now say what Lochgelly was like sixty seven years ago. As far
as my recollection goes it was a very thinly populated place. There
were only a few scattered houses here and there and they were
mostly all thatched houses. When passing through it the only thing
you would have heard was the clatter of a handloom. You will hear
no such thing now. All around the Cross and Main St. was only
garden or else waste ground. The first building at the Cross was by
a man of the name of Walter Miller who was a Jew. He built on the
East side of Church St. and opened a grand draper's shop
fronting Main St. Bailie Dick carried on his fleshing business in
his Gighouse all the time he was in business.
On the West side of Church St, our much respected doctor, Dr Neill,
built all those grand shops on Church St. and Main St. The present
Co-operative Flesh Shop was the Provision Store since ever I
recollect. Mrs Ferguson carried on the business after the death of
her husband John Ferguson.
When we come to the Moor there was but one old thatched house
belonging to David Chisholm who was born, lived to be an old man,
and died, in the same house. The first house built in the Moor was
what was known as the Friendly Society Hall. It was built in 1838.
And now every bit of ground around for building purposes is built
only by Lochgelly Coal Company. The building trade has been carried
on very steadily ever since that time. From what is known as the
Spale Inn, about a mile and a half north from the Cross there was
not a house on the roadside till you came to Knockhill House. And
now it is built nearly all the way. This shows how steady the
building trade has been. And still there is an outcry for more
house accommodation.
In 1850 the population in Lochgelly only numbered 1000. Now it is
over 6000 and steadily increasing. It was found that there was a
great want of church accommodation and it was agreed to build the
Old Church in which Mr Landale, our late manager took a great
interest, as he always did in anything for the benefit of
Lochgelly. In 1856 this Church was endowed and erected into a
parish church. The Free Church was built about the same time. In
1856 the Union Bank of Scotland was erected. And in 1875 the Roman
Catholic Chapel.
The Police Act was adopted in 1877 and in 1880 the water was
brought from Lochore while the gas work was erected in 1887. The
Volunteers were raised in 1859 for the purpose of protection to our
industrious little Burgh.
The next step in progress and I may say in economy was the forming
of a Co-operative Store. A few men belonging to the place met two
or three times before enrolling members' names. After we got a
small number, we started business in a very humble way. The stock
consisted entirely of groceries. The shop belonged to Thomas Hugh
who kindly granted it at a rental of nine pounds. Alexander Thomson
was appointed manager & he wrought very hard, and so did all
the Committee.
The shop had so little accommodation that everything had to be
carried to it from a cellar at the back, but the business very
rapidly grew to be a large one. The Balance Sheet for the fourth
quarter of the first year’s trading showed the turn over to
be £963.14.1 and the Members' Share Capital
£184.18.4, while the membership numbered 125.
Ten years after the business started it was found the premises were
too small, and the property where the Beef Shop and Reading Room
now are was purchased. It was all rebuilt to suit the requirements
and benefits of Co-operative Trading as the membership was steadily
increasing.
In 1877 a disastrous fire broke out during the night and
practically nothing was saved. Fortunately the Stock and Building
were covered by insurance.
In 1884 the Directors added to their extensive business a Fleshing
Department. It has proved entirely successful. The other parts of
the building are converted into a Reading Room and Recreation
Rooms. The Reading Room is regularly supplied with all the daily
newspapers and leading magazines of the day. In the Library there
are 1700 volumes carefully selected from the best authors and
available to the public. In the winter a course of Lectures on
interesting subjects is provided for the benefit of the members.
The Reading Room is thus quite an Exhibition in itself. The latest
addition to the Society's Central Premises in Bank St. was
opened in November 1903. These premises are thoroughly equipped and
there is a first class staff of servants, all civil and obliging.
As showing what proportions the business has attained from its
small beginnings it may be mentioned that the turnover for the past
year was £138,399-7-5 while the Membership was 2256 with a
Share Capital of £50,997-13-3. These figures bear striking
evidence of the prosperity which has attended the Store.
Each Department too is filled with the highest class of goods,
which shows the great progress since beginning with a barrel or two
of herring and a small stock of groceries. And now we can say we
have premises second to none in Fife and managed too by one of our
townsmen who served his apprenticeship in it as a grocer and is now
manager of the whole business with the full confidence of the
Society.
It is an old saying that a prophet has no honour in his own
country. But that does not hold for good in this case for Committee
Members and Directors of Management are all prophets of their own
country.
The Society's buildings are an ornament to Lochgelly. They are
furnished too with a clock that can be heard striking the hour as
well as the quarters all round the Burgh.
This progress in business as well as in the mining
industry and in the building trade since 1837 speaks volumes for
the quiet and industrious population of Lochgelly.
It is all given all given to the best of my power from my own
recollections.
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The next extract is taken from the local publication "Auchterderran: A Parish History" and was submitted by Kenny Scott, Lochgelly.
The folklore of the Fife miner is good, though scanty. He will tell you "it is unlucky to harry a swallow's nest," or "to have peacock's feathers in your house": but "a man who has killed a lot o' pigs in his day stands a good chance of seeing the Deil." He believed that "sudden silence meant the passage of an angel through his room." To dream of the "loss of teeth or fingers means death." In the event of a fatal accident in his pit, "every collier, within knowledge of that event, will come to the surface." It is unlucky to "start work, or begin a journey, on a Friday"; and unlucky to "turn back after you have left the house."
"Hogmanay" is long triumphant as their date for marriages. I have often married on that night from ten to fifteen couples. Everything is made "snug" for the new year. "Guising" and "first-fitting" are still indulged in by the "halflins". If one of them be red-haired, woe betide him: his attribute of misfortune only leaves the house at Hogmanay next. Sometimes a miner "sleeps in" and "loses" his "shift", and the only "excuse" (explanation) vouchsafed is, "they had a' been sleepin' in ever since that dovey-heidit (dovey, pigeon, sleepy-headed) cratur had been their first-fit."
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As we've said before, we are very appreciative
when relatives of former Fife miners send their family memories to be
shared. Jacquie, the granddaughter of John Henderson,
and great-granddaughter of Bob Henderson has kindly sent two photographs of
her Lochgelly family of yesteryear along with notes (see below) applicable to the photographs.
|
Jacquie got in touch initially to see if we would be interested in seeing a couple of photos of her mining relatives from Lochgelly and, of course, the reply was a resounding 'yes'!
Jacquie says, "The 'Dave and Willie' photo shows David Henderson (born 1887)
and his brother William Henderson (born 1893) 'fresh' from the pit. I was shocked
to see how little protective clothing they were wearing. Is this typical of the time? It looks like tacketty bits,
gloves taken off to show their miners 'tan' and a weird looking dustbin-lid helmet.
David
is on the left in the photo. They are two of the fifteen children of Andrew Henderson and Isabella Blackwood
who moved from agricultural labouring jobs (on Lumphinnans Farm) into Lochgelly to take up employment in the
mines. The family lived at 13 Stationhead, Lochgelly. Apparently, this photo is taken outside that house.
According to my great aunt, both Dave and Willie went down the pit when they were 14 and this photo
was taken in 1907 at the end of Willie's first day down the pit. Auntie says that they worked in lots of
pits but she thinks that Willie started in the Minto. He may have finished up working at the Frances but I'm
not sure on this point. Their brother, James Henderson, died in 1906 after a roof fall at the Nellie Pit. (I got
really good information on this from your Memorial Book - thank you so much.)
The 16 Grainger Square photo is more a social history photo so might not be right for your purposes. This
was taken in 1914 and shows Jane Foy Henderson with two of her sons, Andrew and John. Their father, her husband,
Bob Henderson, is the brother of Dave, Willie and James mentioned above. Bob was employed in the Eliza for a time.
Just thought that the photo of the house might be of interest as a typical mining family gaff.
Even though Bob was employed in the Eliza for a time, and I think that this must have been pretty early doors, I
would be surprised if the family had been involved in the setting up of the Lochgelly Coal Company given their modest
circumstances. But I'll keep digging - might turn up a connection some day.
I just want to say thank you so much for this site - it's been great for me to get information. I'm using it as a source of interest for my great aunt who is housebound and keen to talk about the old days! It's difficult to pinpoint facts and figures in amongst the 'aye he wis a great laudie, big shoodirs oan im, heaved 20 tonnes o' coal a minute ye ken ....' - I'm sure you get the picture!"
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When Heather Winship, Auchtermuchty, contacted us
in February 2008, we were delighted to assist in providing some information on
the death of her grandmother's young brother, Francis McConville, in the
Lochhead Pit of the Lochgelly Iron and Coal Company, Ltd. [See entry in Central Fife
Menu.] Sadly, Francis lost his life at the age of 15½, on 17 April 1918, while his father, a soldier, was away fighting in France. Unfortunately, mining life brought such sad tragedies to many Fife families, and Heather kindly offered her comments and her grandmother's [Francis' older sister] account relating to this sad event. We were delighted when, in July 2011, Heather sent us a photograph of Francis to display along with his story in Mining Life. |
Francis McConville
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Heather had emailed initially to say, "I discovered your site whilst searching for my ancestor, Francis McConville, who died age 15 on 17 April 1918 when a roof collapsed on him. I understood that he was working at Donibristle pit, but your records show Raith and whilst I tried searching for more information about the incident I was unsuccessful. Do you know if I can find anything else out? Apparently it was a very grand funeral with full horse drawn hearse."
We were able to produce newspaper reports of the sad accident and the Fatal Accident Inquiry which established that the accident had taken place in the Lochhead Pit, Little Raith Colliery, of the Lochgelly Iron and Coal Company, Ltd.
Heather replied, "Thank you so much for your research on my behalf. It does clarify
things as to the where and when. It was a huge shock to my gran's family as they also lost
a brother, Tom McConville, who drowned in a pit pond not long afterwards. I really appreciate
all your help. Many thanks.
I am writing up my gran's memoirs which caused me to look
into her brother's death. Thank you again for your research. I wondered if you may be
interested in her account for your website?"
We are honoured to display that account:- "One day Katie McConville (aged 6) came
home from school, a neighbour would not let her go into her own home. She gave her a
silver three-penny bit and told her to go and buy herself some biscuits. She knew something
was wrong. Three pence was a lot of money - she had never had that much before so she did
not spend the money, for she knew her mother would need it.
When she did get into the house, she learned that her brother Francis had been killed in the pit.
The roof of coal had fallen on him. He was only fifteen years old and had only been working for
a year. He was lying on the white draped bed. Three holy candles with white frilled paper
stood in the brass candlesticks beside the bed. Her mother sat there too with two other
neighbours. Friends and relations came with flowers, wreaths, shells and glass globes with
flowers in them.
The miner's people were very generous, although they were poor. They collected among
themselves at the pit for these. Aunts, uncles, cousins and friends came to the day of the funeral.
The glass hearse, driven by two big black horses with big black plumes on their heads, stopped at
the door.
Katie went round to the front to watch. The men all wore black bowler hats. Big crowds of men
followed the hearse, all the miners, and the men from the Church Society, friends and neighbours
followed on. Kate's mother told her the good die young and that he had gone to heaven
beside God."
Heather concludes:- "I'm glad you will be putting her story on the website, thank you.
I just think it brings a name to life having some information about them. It dawned on me, that was
'Francie' in the pits and his father, Francis McConville (also a coal miner), away fighting in France.
He was possibly the major wage earner in the house, and he was one of eleven children! His elder
brother, Joe, died of Spanish Flu the same year. It must have been some life back then.
Yes, I believe he was buried in Beath cemetery, but I don't know for sure."
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